Substance Abuse and Addiction

What substance abuse and addiction mean

“Substance abuse” is an older, everyday term for harmful use of alcohol or drugs. Clinicians now generally use the term substance use disorder, which the DSM-5-TR defines as a pattern of substance use leading to significant problems or distress, ranging from mild to severe. “Addiction” is widely used for the more severe end of this range, where use becomes compulsive and hard to stop despite harm.

Psychology studies substance use through learning and reward, stress, genetics, mental health and social environment. Language has also shifted toward person-first terms, such as “a person with a substance use disorder,” because research suggests stigmatizing labels can discourage people from seeking help. Recovery is common, and many paths to it are supported by research.

Talking to a professional

Only a confidential professional assessment can judge what is going on and what kind of help fits. Some substances carry medical risks when use is stopped suddenly, so speaking with a doctor before making major changes is advisable.

Starting points include a primary care doctor (GP), local drug and alcohol services, addiction specialists, psychologists, licensed counselors, peer-support groups and free national helplines.

Before an appointment, it can help to note down your questions, what you have noticed and any medicines you already take. It is reasonable to ask about the options available, what the research says about them and what happens next. Good clinicians welcome questions and explain things in plain language.

Learn more

To learn more, see our pages on the psychology of addiction, addiction and how to find a therapist. Our guide to types of mental health professionals explains who does what.